The meanings of scientific and Qur'anic revelations
A. D. Otherwise Ghalibi
Division of Geography - Faculty of Arts and Humanities
- University of Mohammed I - Kingdom of Morocco
A. D. Otherwise Ghalibi
Division of Geography - Faculty of Arts and Humanities
- University of Mohammed I - Kingdom of Morocco
Allah says in Surat Al-Hashr: {Had We sent down this Qur'an on a mountain, I have seen it humble itself and cleave asunder for fear of Allah and those parables which We propound to men that they may reflect}. This means that the mountains are subject and cracked from the fear of God, if the Qur'anic discourse is directed, "says Tahar Ben Achour in the interpretation of liberation and enlightenment:" The discourse in (I saw) for non-specific Afeem one who hears this speech, and vision visual and is exiled because it is located an answer to a letter (if) Alamtnaip. " Does the fact that the humble mountains and cracking is the reality of the lack of landing the Koran?, In other words, does the absence of a reaction condition (if sent down), not necessarily lead to the absence of an answer to the condition (have seen)?.
Grammatical keys:
Says, explaining Almcude say I'm the owner of the Millennium (if a character in the move condition): "means that if the letter indicates the requirement to suspend the act by the past, and if this Amtnaip called for it shows mostly on the failure of the thing for excluding others." Ibn al-Aqeel in his commentary: "... and interpreted sebo as the character of what was falling to the occurrence of others, and interpreted by others as a character omission of the failure. And the latter term is known, and the first more correct.", And came in a footnote to Sheikh Ahmad Abdel Fattah twisted Azhari Almcude to explain: "I'm the owner says: letter indicates the absence of a subsequent certification, is required to prove the next.." Says Ashmouni valuable commentary: The phrase sebo (letter to the falling of the occurrence of other), "are indicative of the refrain emerging for the loss of reason and not on absolute abstinence." And also says: The phrase son of the owner (the letter indicates the absence of a subsequent need for certification, testing Thales) "if the answer to any of the failure is caused by abstention, and may be constant after testing positive for the cause of others.." And this is useful to take down the Quran on the mountain to the Mus-binding and cracks, but the opposite is not necessary at all, so he will humble the mountains and constant cracking after testing positive for another reason for the fear of God.
Scientific meanings of the verse from Revelation:
After this section, the grammar and from which we have explained, from the linguistic point, the possibility of investigating the reverence and fissures in the mountains, although not directed to the Qur'anic discourse, we will try to offer some of the meanings of scientific Astouhenaha of verse in this regard.
- The meanings of language:
- Humble: as the tongue of the Arabs (article overawe), reverence: subjection, and Kcha: kneeling in some languages, and overawe the camel hump if Onasi went Ttoto fat and honor, and if the wall collapsed and humbled with the turned earth.
And therefore in reverence (undergo and Totop ...), and bowing movements lead to the kind of deflation and shrinking size.
- Flawed: he says I'm the perspective of Article (crack): crack, the crack in the steel thing, and cracking people, divided among yourselves.
- Hierarchy of reverence and cracking and the results of experiments on the resistance of rocks [1]:
The Koran when he spoke of the reverence and cracking as methods and two images represent the fear of God in the mountains began Balkhcua before cracking the Almighty said: {have seen it humble itself and cleave asunder} and did not say it humble itself and cleave asunder. Is this hierarchy refers to a particular chronological order?, Or is it just a verbal order is not significant to him and not reference and does not imply?.
- The relationship between the forces pressing rocks and distortions from the test three axes:
The laboratory tests the only way to know the relationship existing between the forces of pressure and distortions rock resulting from them, but note the distortions that affect the rock inside the earth's crust, not Tsafna do not know the circumstances that prevailed in the earth's crust during deformation, and in redefining (Reconstitution) stages of such deformation process. Because what we observe in the field but is a final result of this process. And represents the experiences three axes (Essais Triaxiaux), the most important experiences in this regard.
A - different experiences (Figure 1):
Rock sample is placed a cylindrical shape within the "Portfolio" (Enceinte) filled with compressed, so that she would rock sample under hydrostatic pressure force and the unit is measured (Kg/cm2) Hydrostatique) σ i (Pression
. Made after the exercise of the power of a central compression (Compression Axiale), or axial traction force (Traction Axiale), on the edge of the rock sample:
- Test compression (Essais en Compression):, be subjected to sample rock pressure force central P higher than the strength of hydrostatic pressure σ i (P> σ i), with a gradual increase of the strength of compressive strength P, begins the sample to shrink gradually until it reaches the strength of compressive strength P value of certain , then split the rock sample (Figure 2);
- Test-traction (Essais en Traction): in this case, the force of compressive strength P is negative, and be less than the force of hydrostatic stress σ i (P <σ i), and with the gradual reduction of the strength of compressive strength P, start the sample lie on gradually and then split ( Figure 2);
- Test the numerator (Essais en Extension): in this case, the axial compressive strength less than the power of hydrostatic pressure (P <σ i), but they are positive (P> 0). The results of the test results Vcbihp traction.
Figure 1: - Draw a simplified three-pronged pressure (M. Mattauer, 1980).
It is worth mentioning that it can make these laboratory experiments under conditions of pressure exceeding 10 Kilo Bar (Kbar) and temperature ranged from 800 degrees Celsius (° C). In other words, it is possible to rock samples subjected to pressure and temperature conditions that prevail within the different Earth's crust. And Figure 3 shows the relationship between temperature and pressure conditions, and the nature of the deformity in both the case of compression and the case of rugs.
Figure 2: - representation of the results of rock sample deformation during the compression experiment and test the numerator (M. Mattauer, 1980)
Figure 3: - Distribution of various distortions in the cases of compression and extension depending on temperature and pressure
B - The relationship between compressive strength and the degree of deformity (Courbe contrainte-déformation):
Figure 4 shows how the rock under pressure force increasingly exposed to distort the Post (déformation continue), increasingly, in the case of compression shrinks and expands in the cases of traction or spatula, before being broken.
Figure 4: - curve of the relationship between compressive strength and deformation in the case of flexible body - born
Summary:
Based on the above, and if we know that the underlying forces behind the formation of the mountains are mainly the forces of compression, we can say: Perhaps in the hierarchy contained in the verse between reverence and fissures, a reference to the scientific fact that Benaha in advance, as they respond rocks to the forces of compression shrink (reverence) first, and then subjected to break (fracture) at the end of the day.
The meanings of scientific humble mountains and cracking:
The mountains, the pressurized areas of the earth's crust (Zones de compression), the best area on which to study crustal deformation material, with multiple malformations and Epeshkliassab vary with the count.
Due to the great diversity of structures compressibility (Structures de compression) observed in the mountains, where they formed these structures in conditions of heat and pressure is very mixed, ranging from conditions near the surface of the earth and the circumstances in which printed the depths of the earth's crust, the distortions that appear in the mountain ranges require the division of unit to a group of mountain ranges and areas characterized by the rule of law Mchaphpoaliat identical, control rock deformation within each area. These areas overlapped with each other is what is termed structural levels (Niveaux Structuraux).
The effects of the changing conditions of pressure and temperature on pressurized rocks:
We have learned in the previous paragraph that the level of structural area is characterized by the rule of the same mechanism of deformation (Mécanisme de déformation), and this requires, of course, talking about the mechanisms of deformation of different operating within the earth's crust in the case of compression, and by studying the effects of gradual lifting of the pressure
Grammatical keys:
Says, explaining Almcude say I'm the owner of the Millennium (if a character in the move condition): "means that if the letter indicates the requirement to suspend the act by the past, and if this Amtnaip called for it shows mostly on the failure of the thing for excluding others." Ibn al-Aqeel in his commentary: "... and interpreted sebo as the character of what was falling to the occurrence of others, and interpreted by others as a character omission of the failure. And the latter term is known, and the first more correct.", And came in a footnote to Sheikh Ahmad Abdel Fattah twisted Azhari Almcude to explain: "I'm the owner says: letter indicates the absence of a subsequent certification, is required to prove the next.." Says Ashmouni valuable commentary: The phrase sebo (letter to the falling of the occurrence of other), "are indicative of the refrain emerging for the loss of reason and not on absolute abstinence." And also says: The phrase son of the owner (the letter indicates the absence of a subsequent need for certification, testing Thales) "if the answer to any of the failure is caused by abstention, and may be constant after testing positive for the cause of others.." And this is useful to take down the Quran on the mountain to the Mus-binding and cracks, but the opposite is not necessary at all, so he will humble the mountains and constant cracking after testing positive for another reason for the fear of God.
Scientific meanings of the verse from Revelation:
After this section, the grammar and from which we have explained, from the linguistic point, the possibility of investigating the reverence and fissures in the mountains, although not directed to the Qur'anic discourse, we will try to offer some of the meanings of scientific Astouhenaha of verse in this regard.
- The meanings of language:
- Humble: as the tongue of the Arabs (article overawe), reverence: subjection, and Kcha: kneeling in some languages, and overawe the camel hump if Onasi went Ttoto fat and honor, and if the wall collapsed and humbled with the turned earth.
And therefore in reverence (undergo and Totop ...), and bowing movements lead to the kind of deflation and shrinking size.
- Flawed: he says I'm the perspective of Article (crack): crack, the crack in the steel thing, and cracking people, divided among yourselves.
- Hierarchy of reverence and cracking and the results of experiments on the resistance of rocks [1]:
The Koran when he spoke of the reverence and cracking as methods and two images represent the fear of God in the mountains began Balkhcua before cracking the Almighty said: {have seen it humble itself and cleave asunder} and did not say it humble itself and cleave asunder. Is this hierarchy refers to a particular chronological order?, Or is it just a verbal order is not significant to him and not reference and does not imply?.
- The relationship between the forces pressing rocks and distortions from the test three axes:
The laboratory tests the only way to know the relationship existing between the forces of pressure and distortions rock resulting from them, but note the distortions that affect the rock inside the earth's crust, not Tsafna do not know the circumstances that prevailed in the earth's crust during deformation, and in redefining (Reconstitution) stages of such deformation process. Because what we observe in the field but is a final result of this process. And represents the experiences three axes (Essais Triaxiaux), the most important experiences in this regard.
A - different experiences (Figure 1):
Rock sample is placed a cylindrical shape within the "Portfolio" (Enceinte) filled with compressed, so that she would rock sample under hydrostatic pressure force and the unit is measured (Kg/cm2) Hydrostatique) σ i (Pression
. Made after the exercise of the power of a central compression (Compression Axiale), or axial traction force (Traction Axiale), on the edge of the rock sample:
- Test compression (Essais en Compression):, be subjected to sample rock pressure force central P higher than the strength of hydrostatic pressure σ i (P> σ i), with a gradual increase of the strength of compressive strength P, begins the sample to shrink gradually until it reaches the strength of compressive strength P value of certain , then split the rock sample (Figure 2);
- Test-traction (Essais en Traction): in this case, the force of compressive strength P is negative, and be less than the force of hydrostatic stress σ i (P <σ i), and with the gradual reduction of the strength of compressive strength P, start the sample lie on gradually and then split ( Figure 2);
- Test the numerator (Essais en Extension): in this case, the axial compressive strength less than the power of hydrostatic pressure (P <σ i), but they are positive (P> 0). The results of the test results Vcbihp traction.
Figure 1: - Draw a simplified three-pronged pressure (M. Mattauer, 1980).
It is worth mentioning that it can make these laboratory experiments under conditions of pressure exceeding 10 Kilo Bar (Kbar) and temperature ranged from 800 degrees Celsius (° C). In other words, it is possible to rock samples subjected to pressure and temperature conditions that prevail within the different Earth's crust. And Figure 3 shows the relationship between temperature and pressure conditions, and the nature of the deformity in both the case of compression and the case of rugs.
Figure 2: - representation of the results of rock sample deformation during the compression experiment and test the numerator (M. Mattauer, 1980)
Figure 3: - Distribution of various distortions in the cases of compression and extension depending on temperature and pressure
B - The relationship between compressive strength and the degree of deformity (Courbe contrainte-déformation):
Figure 4 shows how the rock under pressure force increasingly exposed to distort the Post (déformation continue), increasingly, in the case of compression shrinks and expands in the cases of traction or spatula, before being broken.
Figure 4: - curve of the relationship between compressive strength and deformation in the case of flexible body - born
Summary:
Based on the above, and if we know that the underlying forces behind the formation of the mountains are mainly the forces of compression, we can say: Perhaps in the hierarchy contained in the verse between reverence and fissures, a reference to the scientific fact that Benaha in advance, as they respond rocks to the forces of compression shrink (reverence) first, and then subjected to break (fracture) at the end of the day.
The meanings of scientific humble mountains and cracking:
The mountains, the pressurized areas of the earth's crust (Zones de compression), the best area on which to study crustal deformation material, with multiple malformations and Epeshkliassab vary with the count.
Due to the great diversity of structures compressibility (Structures de compression) observed in the mountains, where they formed these structures in conditions of heat and pressure is very mixed, ranging from conditions near the surface of the earth and the circumstances in which printed the depths of the earth's crust, the distortions that appear in the mountain ranges require the division of unit to a group of mountain ranges and areas characterized by the rule of law Mchaphpoaliat identical, control rock deformation within each area. These areas overlapped with each other is what is termed structural levels (Niveaux Structuraux).
The effects of the changing conditions of pressure and temperature on pressurized rocks:
We have learned in the previous paragraph that the level of structural area is characterized by the rule of the same mechanism of deformation (Mécanisme de déformation), and this requires, of course, talking about the mechanisms of deformation of different operating within the earth's crust in the case of compression, and by studying the effects of gradual lifting of the pressure
and temperature on the rocks pressurized. and show the results of such experiments (Figure 5), that the rocks exposed to crack (Comportement cassant) under pressure and temperature conditions prevailing near the surface of the earth. Then, if we raised the pressure and heat, the rocks are folding and twisting (Comportement Ductile), before they reach these rocks to the melting point (Point de Fusion) and becomes a fluid such as liquids. 
And identifies the various interactions, directly, the mechanisms that control deformation within the crust (Figure 6):
When exposed rocks to cracking, deformation appears in the form of faults (Failles), thus the way is free of folds (Plis), full of Balsdua because of the rule of storytelling (Cisaillement) President of the deformation mechanism;
And when the deformation without fracture or crack, the rock subjected to twisting and folding (Plissement), and that by two different mechanisms:
- Bending (Flexion): where are the rocks in the first stage, to twist while maintaining the same original thickness of the layers, called folds resulting from this mechanism: the folds of equal thickness (Plis Isopaques).
- Superstition (Aplatissement): at an advanced stage to be the most deformation and stronger and broader, thus exposing the rock to Btah each year accompanied by the emergence of Altndd (Schistosité), and the fish become mixed within the same rock layer folds We talk about different fish (Plis Anisopaques). At this stage, a reduced distance of origin of the maximum range of rock layers.
Figure 5: - Distribution of deformation and its different depending on pressure and temperature
In the final stage, in the depths of where their rocks to extreme heat and pressure are higher than those that characterize the melting point, the mechanism of deformation conditions are Alchristan (Ecoulement), and then the rock unfreeze the way the fluid and form folds differ from those found in higher levels, so that torsion occurs without any shrinking in the distance of origin of the layers of rock.
Structural levels of the three
Structural levels is divided into three overlapping levels commensurate with the tectonic divisions (Subdivisions Tectoniques) usual (Figure 7):
A - Top-level formative: it is the area of faults and fissures, and the prevailing mechanism of deformation is shear;
B - level formative East: folds and is an area of equal thickness, and the prevailing mechanism of deformation is bending;
C --level structural bottom: an area that folds varying thickness (area of metamorphic rocks), and is divided into two ranges: the scope of the top of the folds are accompanied by Ptndd year; and scale down, miss the Altndd and exposed the rock material to melt. The prevailing mechanisms in this formative level, it is superstition and Alchristan.
Figure 6: - Illustration of the different mechanisms of deformation and some models of deformation within the Earth's crust
- Summary:
This scientific data clearly established that the rocks of the mountains are characterized Boukasitin two, are the property of folding, twisting and cracking property. And we can say: The Koran has already been referring to this scientific fact since more than fourteen centuries in the words of the Almighty: {Had We sent down this Qur'an on a mountain, I have seen it humble itself and cleave asunder for fear of Allah.}, As we understand from this verse that fear of the mountains God is twisting through the rocks and folded (and it is humility), and through a breakup and Tvlgaha (and it is cracking).
Conclusion:
Says Tahar Ben Achour in the interpretation of the verse {if We sent down this Qur'an on a mountain I have seen it humble itself and cleave asunder from the fear of God}: "and the meaning: if the addressee Holy mountain, the mountain was understand the speech of the impact on the Koran affected arising from the fear of God, lest Twtherha the meanings of the Qur'an ". But we believe that affected the mountains from the fear of God, may be due to another reason is influenced by the meanings of the Qur'an (as explained in Section grammar), Vtkhca and fractures. Indeed, the Qur'an itself tells us that the mountains may reach the vulnerability of the fear of God the amount of more than humility and cracking much, God says in verse 143 of Surat al: {"I will not see me, but look at the mountain, the settled place you'll see me, and when he demonstrated his Lord of the mountain Dhaka and another make it lightning Moses.}.
Figure 7: - theoretical section of part of the earth's crust shows the main structural levels and the quality of the corresponding structures
And then Valkhcua (Balaltoa and folding) and cracking (aging, and Daybreak), may be Mlazmtan qualities of mountain permanent fear of God, they are not just inanimate objects and stone deaf as illusion, but is geared creatures commanded a major sticking obedient, swim and Twob ... , Allah says in Al-Anbiya, verse 79: {and laughed with David mountains swimming and birds, and we were doing.}, As they may be affected greatly influenced by the excess of hearing words of shirk, issued by the human in charge, "says says of the in Surat Maryam, verses 90 and 91: {almost utter ruin from the heavens and the earth is split asunder and the mountains eased, they have called for Rahman and a boy.}.
And which made Nnho this approach to understand the verse as saying the Almighty {have seen it} and vision visual as stated in the interpretation of liberation and enlightenment, and saying also {and those parables which We propound to men that they may reflect}, verse received permission, but are not illusions, as Imam Ahmad , commenting on the words of Zamakhshari (this representation and describe imaginary): "And this is something that offers atheistic him in it, was it not proper etiquette politely verse: where God called this example, and not least: those fantasies and cite people ..."[ 2].
In conclusion, it must be pointed out that God has set an example in this verse to show the greatness of as much as the Koran and the altitude will and the strength of its impact on the souls as say the commentators, so if the addressee Koran mountain to overawe and cracked from the fear of God, in spite of his cruelty and Solidity. The purpose of this rebuke Gzth rights and the cruelty of his heart, because it does not Itkhca when you hear when you read the Koran or [3], "said Awfi from Ibn Abbas, in the interpretation of this verse [4]:" ... If God ordered people down Quran they have to take extreme apprehension and Altkhca.. "Could treated Muslims with the Qur'an as it should be of good literature and good understanding and deep management? Or have darkened hearts and souls have rotted, not stuck in the Koran does not exceed the ears and throats?, Allah says in Surah Muhammad, verse 24: {Will they not ponder the Qur'an, or are their hearts locked}
When exposed rocks to cracking, deformation appears in the form of faults (Failles), thus the way is free of folds (Plis), full of Balsdua because of the rule of storytelling (Cisaillement) President of the deformation mechanism;
And when the deformation without fracture or crack, the rock subjected to twisting and folding (Plissement), and that by two different mechanisms:
- Bending (Flexion): where are the rocks in the first stage, to twist while maintaining the same original thickness of the layers, called folds resulting from this mechanism: the folds of equal thickness (Plis Isopaques).
- Superstition (Aplatissement): at an advanced stage to be the most deformation and stronger and broader, thus exposing the rock to Btah each year accompanied by the emergence of Altndd (Schistosité), and the fish become mixed within the same rock layer folds We talk about different fish (Plis Anisopaques). At this stage, a reduced distance of origin of the maximum range of rock layers.
Figure 5: - Distribution of deformation and its different depending on pressure and temperature
In the final stage, in the depths of where their rocks to extreme heat and pressure are higher than those that characterize the melting point, the mechanism of deformation conditions are Alchristan (Ecoulement), and then the rock unfreeze the way the fluid and form folds differ from those found in higher levels, so that torsion occurs without any shrinking in the distance of origin of the layers of rock.
Structural levels of the three
Structural levels is divided into three overlapping levels commensurate with the tectonic divisions (Subdivisions Tectoniques) usual (Figure 7):
A - Top-level formative: it is the area of faults and fissures, and the prevailing mechanism of deformation is shear;
B - level formative East: folds and is an area of equal thickness, and the prevailing mechanism of deformation is bending;
C --level structural bottom: an area that folds varying thickness (area of metamorphic rocks), and is divided into two ranges: the scope of the top of the folds are accompanied by Ptndd year; and scale down, miss the Altndd and exposed the rock material to melt. The prevailing mechanisms in this formative level, it is superstition and Alchristan.
Figure 6: - Illustration of the different mechanisms of deformation and some models of deformation within the Earth's crust
- Summary:
This scientific data clearly established that the rocks of the mountains are characterized Boukasitin two, are the property of folding, twisting and cracking property. And we can say: The Koran has already been referring to this scientific fact since more than fourteen centuries in the words of the Almighty: {Had We sent down this Qur'an on a mountain, I have seen it humble itself and cleave asunder for fear of Allah.}, As we understand from this verse that fear of the mountains God is twisting through the rocks and folded (and it is humility), and through a breakup and Tvlgaha (and it is cracking).
Conclusion:
Says Tahar Ben Achour in the interpretation of the verse {if We sent down this Qur'an on a mountain I have seen it humble itself and cleave asunder from the fear of God}: "and the meaning: if the addressee Holy mountain, the mountain was understand the speech of the impact on the Koran affected arising from the fear of God, lest Twtherha the meanings of the Qur'an ". But we believe that affected the mountains from the fear of God, may be due to another reason is influenced by the meanings of the Qur'an (as explained in Section grammar), Vtkhca and fractures. Indeed, the Qur'an itself tells us that the mountains may reach the vulnerability of the fear of God the amount of more than humility and cracking much, God says in verse 143 of Surat al: {"I will not see me, but look at the mountain, the settled place you'll see me, and when he demonstrated his Lord of the mountain Dhaka and another make it lightning Moses.}.
Figure 7: - theoretical section of part of the earth's crust shows the main structural levels and the quality of the corresponding structures
And then Valkhcua (Balaltoa and folding) and cracking (aging, and Daybreak), may be Mlazmtan qualities of mountain permanent fear of God, they are not just inanimate objects and stone deaf as illusion, but is geared creatures commanded a major sticking obedient, swim and Twob ... , Allah says in Al-Anbiya, verse 79: {and laughed with David mountains swimming and birds, and we were doing.}, As they may be affected greatly influenced by the excess of hearing words of shirk, issued by the human in charge, "says says of the in Surat Maryam, verses 90 and 91: {almost utter ruin from the heavens and the earth is split asunder and the mountains eased, they have called for Rahman and a boy.}.
And which made Nnho this approach to understand the verse as saying the Almighty {have seen it} and vision visual as stated in the interpretation of liberation and enlightenment, and saying also {and those parables which We propound to men that they may reflect}, verse received permission, but are not illusions, as Imam Ahmad , commenting on the words of Zamakhshari (this representation and describe imaginary): "And this is something that offers atheistic him in it, was it not proper etiquette politely verse: where God called this example, and not least: those fantasies and cite people ..."[ 2].
In conclusion, it must be pointed out that God has set an example in this verse to show the greatness of as much as the Koran and the altitude will and the strength of its impact on the souls as say the commentators, so if the addressee Koran mountain to overawe and cracked from the fear of God, in spite of his cruelty and Solidity. The purpose of this rebuke Gzth rights and the cruelty of his heart, because it does not Itkhca when you hear when you read the Koran or [3], "said Awfi from Ibn Abbas, in the interpretation of this verse [4]:" ... If God ordered people down Quran they have to take extreme apprehension and Altkhca.. "Could treated Muslims with the Qur'an as it should be of good literature and good understanding and deep management? Or have darkened hearts and souls have rotted, not stuck in the Koran does not exceed the ears and throats?, Allah says in Surah Muhammad, verse 24: {Will they not ponder the Qur'an, or are their hearts locked}
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